Da Structural Computer Organization di Tanenbuam
Inacertainsense,acomputerwithnlevelscanberegardedasndifferentvirtualmachines,eachonewithadifferentmachinelanguage.Wewillusetheterms‘‘level’’and‘‘virtualmachine’’interchangeably.However,pleasenotethatlikemanytermsincomputerscience,‘‘virtualmachine’’hasothermeaningsaswell.
Thereisanimportantrelationbetweenalanguageandavirtualmachine.Eachmachinehasamachinelanguage,consistingofalltheinstructionsthatthemachinecanexecute.Ineffect,amachinedefinesalanguage.Similarly,alanguagedefinesamachine—namely,themachinethatcanexecuteallprogramswritteninthelanguage.
Themachinelanguagesoflevels1,2,and3arenumeric.Programsinthemconsistoflongseriesofnumbers,whicharefineformachinesbutbadforpeople.Startingatlevel4,thelanguagescontainwordsandabbreviationsmeaningfultopeople.
Qualisonoitermini/nomiperlelinguedellamacchinadilivello0,1e3?(Lelingueperglialtrilivellisonoevidentiperme)
Insummary,thekeythingtorememberisthatcomputersaredesignedasaseriesoflevels,eachonebuiltonitspredecessors.Eachlevelrepresentsadistinctabstraction,withdifferentobjectsandoperationspresent.Bydesigningandanalyzingcomputersinthisfashion,wearetemporarilyabletosuppressirrelevantdetailandthusreduceacomplexsubjecttosomethingeasiertounderstand.
Thesetofdatatypes,operations,andfeaturesofeachleveliscalleditsarchitecture.Thearchitecturedealswiththoseaspectsthatarevisibletotheuserofthatlevel.Featuresthattheprogrammersees,suchashowmuchmemoryisavailable,arepartofthearchitecture.
Qualisonogli"oggetti", "operazioni", "tipi di dati", "operazioni" e "caratteristiche" per il livello 0, 1 e 3?
Grazie!