"I'm incapable of imagining things like how the code to convert a string to a number or a number to a string would be written."
Di seguito è riportato un semplice codice C che converte i binari in decimali e viceversa. L'ho scritto molto tempo fa per un progetto in cui il target era un processore embedded e gli strumenti di sviluppo avevano uno stdlib che era way troppo grande per la ROM del firmware.
Avevamo un compilatore / linker C in grado di generare file eseguibili e dovevamo fare ciò che potevamo fare senza qualsiasi stdlib (che era un maiale). Quindi niente printf()
né scanf()
. Neanche un sprintf()
o sscanf()
. Ma noi ancora avevamo un'interfaccia utente e dovevamo convertire i numeri di base 10 in binari e viceversa. (Abbiamo creato anche la nostra utility malloc()
-like e anche le nostre stesse funzioni matematiche trascendentali.)
Ecco come ho fatto (il programma main
e le chiamate a stdlib erano lì per testare questa cosa sul mio mac, non per il codice incorporato). Inoltre, poiché alcuni sistemi di sviluppo precedenti non riconoscono " int64
" e " uint64
" e tipi simili, vengono utilizzati i tipi long long
e unsigned long long
e si presume che siano uguali. E si suppone che long
sia 32 bit. Credo che potrei avere typedef
ed it.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
// returns an error code, 0 if no error,
// -1 if too big, -2 for other formatting errors
int decimal_to_binary(char *dec, long *bin)
{
int i = 0;
int past_leading_space = 0;
while (i <= 64 && !past_leading_space) // first get past leading spaces
{
if (dec[i] == ' ')
{
i++;
}
else
{
past_leading_space = 1;
}
}
if (!past_leading_space)
{
return -2; // 64 leading spaces does not a number make
}
// at this point the only legitimate remaining
// chars are decimal digits or a leading plus or minus sign
int negative = 0;
if (dec[i] == '-')
{
negative = 1;
i++;
}
else if (dec[i] == '+')
{
i++; // do nothing but go on to next char
}
// now the only legitimate chars are decimal digits
if (dec[i] == '#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
// returns an error code, 0 if no error,
// -1 if too big, -2 for other formatting errors
int decimal_to_binary(char *dec, long *bin)
{
int i = 0;
int past_leading_space = 0;
while (i <= 64 && !past_leading_space) // first get past leading spaces
{
if (dec[i] == ' ')
{
i++;
}
else
{
past_leading_space = 1;
}
}
if (!past_leading_space)
{
return -2; // 64 leading spaces does not a number make
}
// at this point the only legitimate remaining
// chars are decimal digits or a leading plus or minus sign
int negative = 0;
if (dec[i] == '-')
{
negative = 1;
i++;
}
else if (dec[i] == '+')
{
i++; // do nothing but go on to next char
}
// now the only legitimate chars are decimal digits
if (dec[i] == '%pre%')
{
return -2; // there needs to be at least one good
} // digit before terminating string
unsigned long abs_bin = 0;
while (i <= 64 && dec[i] != '%pre%')
{
if ( dec[i] >= '0' && dec[i] <= '9' )
{
if (abs_bin > 214748364)
{
return -1; // this is going to be too big
}
abs_bin <<= 1;
abs_bin += (abs_bin<<2); // an efficient way to multiply by 10
// abs_bin *= 10; // previous value gets bumped to the left one digit...
abs_bin += (unsigned long)(dec[i] - '0'); // ... and a new digit appended to the right
i++;
}
else
{
return -2; // not a legit digit in text string
}
}
if (dec[i] != '%pre%')
{
return -2; // not terminated string in 64 chars
}
if (negative)
{
if (abs_bin > 2147483648)
{
return -1; // too big
}
*bin = -(long)abs_bin;
}
else
{
if (abs_bin > 2147483647)
{
return -1; // too big
}
*bin = (long)abs_bin;
}
return 0;
}
void binary_to_decimal(char *dec, long bin)
{
unsigned long long acc; // 64-bit unsigned integer
if (bin < 0)
{
*(dec++) = '-'; // leading minus sign
bin = -bin; // make bin value positive
}
acc = 989312855LL*(unsigned long)bin; // very nearly 0.2303423488 * 2^32
acc += 0x00000000FFFFFFFFLL; // we need to round up
acc >>= 32;
acc += 57646075LL*(unsigned long)bin;
// (2^59)/(10^10) = 57646075.2303423488 = 57646075 + (989312854.979825)/(2^32)
int past_leading_zeros = 0;
for (int i=9; i>=0; i--) // maximum number of digits is 10
{
acc <<= 1;
acc += (acc<<2); // an efficient way to multiply by 10
// acc *= 10;
unsigned int digit = (unsigned int)(acc >> 59); // the digit we want is in bits 59 - 62
if (digit > 0)
{
past_leading_zeros = 1;
}
if (past_leading_zeros)
{
*(dec++) = '0' + digit;
}
// printf(" i = %d, acc = 0x%016llx \n", i, acc<<1); // put digit into upper 4 bits to be easily read
acc &= 0x07FFFFFFFFFFFFFFLL; // mask off this digit and go on to the next digit
}
if (!past_leading_zeros) // if all digits are zero ...
{
*(dec++) = '0'; // ... put in at least one zero digit
}
*dec = '%pre%'; // terminate string
}
#if 1
int main (int argc, const char* argv[])
{
char dec[64];
long bin, result1, result2;
unsigned long num_errors;
long long long_long_bin;
num_errors = 0;
for (long_long_bin=-2147483648LL; long_long_bin<=2147483647LL; long_long_bin++)
{
bin = (long)long_long_bin;
if ((bin&0x00FFFFFFL) == 0)
{
printf("bin = %ld \n", bin); // this is to tell us that things are moving along
}
binary_to_decimal(dec, bin);
decimal_to_binary(dec, &result1);
sscanf(dec, "%ld", &result2); // decimal_to_binary() should do the same as this sscanf()
if (bin != result1 || bin != result2)
{
num_errors++;
printf("bin = %ld, result1 = %ld, result2 = %ld, num_errors = %ld, dec = %s \n",
bin, result1, result2, num_errors, dec);
}
}
printf("num_errors = %ld \n", num_errors);
return 0;
}
#else
int main (int argc, const char* argv[])
{
char dec[64];
long bin;
printf("bin = ");
scanf("%ld", &bin);
while (bin != 0)
{
binary_to_decimal(dec, bin);
printf("dec = %s \n", dec);
printf("bin = ");
scanf("%ld", &bin);
}
return 0;
}
#endif
')
{
return -2; // there needs to be at least one good
} // digit before terminating string
unsigned long abs_bin = 0;
while (i <= 64 && dec[i] != '%pre%')
{
if ( dec[i] >= '0' && dec[i] <= '9' )
{
if (abs_bin > 214748364)
{
return -1; // this is going to be too big
}
abs_bin <<= 1;
abs_bin += (abs_bin<<2); // an efficient way to multiply by 10
// abs_bin *= 10; // previous value gets bumped to the left one digit...
abs_bin += (unsigned long)(dec[i] - '0'); // ... and a new digit appended to the right
i++;
}
else
{
return -2; // not a legit digit in text string
}
}
if (dec[i] != '%pre%')
{
return -2; // not terminated string in 64 chars
}
if (negative)
{
if (abs_bin > 2147483648)
{
return -1; // too big
}
*bin = -(long)abs_bin;
}
else
{
if (abs_bin > 2147483647)
{
return -1; // too big
}
*bin = (long)abs_bin;
}
return 0;
}
void binary_to_decimal(char *dec, long bin)
{
unsigned long long acc; // 64-bit unsigned integer
if (bin < 0)
{
*(dec++) = '-'; // leading minus sign
bin = -bin; // make bin value positive
}
acc = 989312855LL*(unsigned long)bin; // very nearly 0.2303423488 * 2^32
acc += 0x00000000FFFFFFFFLL; // we need to round up
acc >>= 32;
acc += 57646075LL*(unsigned long)bin;
// (2^59)/(10^10) = 57646075.2303423488 = 57646075 + (989312854.979825)/(2^32)
int past_leading_zeros = 0;
for (int i=9; i>=0; i--) // maximum number of digits is 10
{
acc <<= 1;
acc += (acc<<2); // an efficient way to multiply by 10
// acc *= 10;
unsigned int digit = (unsigned int)(acc >> 59); // the digit we want is in bits 59 - 62
if (digit > 0)
{
past_leading_zeros = 1;
}
if (past_leading_zeros)
{
*(dec++) = '0' + digit;
}
// printf(" i = %d, acc = 0x%016llx \n", i, acc<<1); // put digit into upper 4 bits to be easily read
acc &= 0x07FFFFFFFFFFFFFFLL; // mask off this digit and go on to the next digit
}
if (!past_leading_zeros) // if all digits are zero ...
{
*(dec++) = '0'; // ... put in at least one zero digit
}
*dec = '%pre%'; // terminate string
}
#if 1
int main (int argc, const char* argv[])
{
char dec[64];
long bin, result1, result2;
unsigned long num_errors;
long long long_long_bin;
num_errors = 0;
for (long_long_bin=-2147483648LL; long_long_bin<=2147483647LL; long_long_bin++)
{
bin = (long)long_long_bin;
if ((bin&0x00FFFFFFL) == 0)
{
printf("bin = %ld \n", bin); // this is to tell us that things are moving along
}
binary_to_decimal(dec, bin);
decimal_to_binary(dec, &result1);
sscanf(dec, "%ld", &result2); // decimal_to_binary() should do the same as this sscanf()
if (bin != result1 || bin != result2)
{
num_errors++;
printf("bin = %ld, result1 = %ld, result2 = %ld, num_errors = %ld, dec = %s \n",
bin, result1, result2, num_errors, dec);
}
}
printf("num_errors = %ld \n", num_errors);
return 0;
}
#else
int main (int argc, const char* argv[])
{
char dec[64];
long bin;
printf("bin = ");
scanf("%ld", &bin);
while (bin != 0)
{
binary_to_decimal(dec, bin);
printf("dec = %s \n", dec);
printf("bin = ");
scanf("%ld", &bin);
}
return 0;
}
#endif